Methods for measuring dose content uniformity performance of inhaler and nasal devices

ABSTRACT

The methods described herein provide improvements to the measurement of dose content uniformity of inhaler and nasal devices. The methods involve analyzing and measuring a spray pattern of an emitted spray from an inhaler or nasal device. The spray pattern may be used to determine the dose content uniformity of an inhaler or nasal device.

CROSS REFERENCE

The present application is a continuation application of InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/US2017/021599, filed on Mar. 9, 2017, whichclaims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/306,045, filed onMar. 9, 2016, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The drive for an approved generic albuterol-based pMDI has significantlyincreased in recent years due to the cost barrier, patent expiration ofreference products, and recently released draft FDA guidance documents.Product usage instructions for all of the current FDA approved albuterolpMDIs only include non-descript language for shaking the pMDI such as “. . . shake well before each use . . . ” with no indication for thepatient regarding shaking duration, frequency, orientation,shake-to-fire interval, or what the effects might be if the patientdoesn't shake the product before use. From a formulation perspective,shaking is critical for suspension pMDIs because the active drugparticles in the formulation tend to rapidly sink or rise to the liquidsurface due to differences in density from the propellants.

The in-vitro spray test methods required to show bioequivalence of pMDIproducts from a regulatory perspective, particularly dose contentuniformity (DCU) and aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD)through-life testing, may in some instances be time intensive,complicated, and error-prone.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, a method is provided for measuring performance of aninhaler or nasal device comprising a drug formulation, the methodcomprising: a) shaking the inhaler or nasal device, wherein the shakingcomprises one or more shake parameters; b) actuating the inhaler ornasal device, thereby emitting a spray of the drug formulation; and c)measuring a spray pattern of the spray of the drug formulation, whereinthe spray of the drug formulation comprises an emitted dose of a drug,and wherein dose content uniformity (DCU) performance of the inhaler ornasal device is determined based on the spray pattern. In some cases,the inhaler or nasal device is selected from the group consisting of: apressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI), a metered dose inhaler (MDI),and a nasal spray. In any of the preceding methods, the one or moreshake parameters may comprise one or more of shake frequency, shakeangle, shake duration, shake-to-fire interval and shake orientation. Insome cases, the shake frequency comprises about 1.0 Hz to about 4.0 Hz.In any of the preceding methods, the shake angle may comprise about 30degrees to about 180 degrees. In any of the preceding methods, the shakeduration may comprise about 2 seconds to about 15 seconds. In any of thepreceding methods, the shake-to-fire interval may comprise about 0seconds to about 10 seconds. In any of the preceding methods, the shakeorientation may comprise about 0 degrees to about 359 degrees. In any ofthe preceding methods, the drug formulation may comprise a suspensionformulation. In any of the preceding methods, the drug formulationcomprises one or more excipients. In any of the preceding methods, thedrug formulation may comprise no excipients. In any of the precedingmethods, the method may further comprise, prior to b), monitoring theone or more shake parameters. In any of the preceding methods, b) maycomprise actuating the inhaler or nasal device when the one or moreshake parameters have reached or have exceeded a predeterminedthreshold. In some cases, the predetermined threshold is determined by acomposition of the drug formulation. In any of the preceding methods,the method may be performed on the inhaler or nasal device duringbeginning-of-life administration, middle-of-life administration,end-of-life administration or any combination thereof. In any of thepreceding methods, the spray pattern may be an optical spray pattern. Inany of the preceding methods, c) may further comprise illuminating thespray with an illumination device and imaging the optical spray patternwith an imaging device. In any of the preceding methods, the spraypattern may be an impaction-based spray pattern. In any of the precedingmethods, the spray pattern may be presented on a report. In some cases,the spray pattern may be represented on the report as a sensitivityplot. In some cases, the sensitivity plot may be plotted as a spraypattern area as a function of the one or more shake parameters. In anyof the preceding methods, the actuating may comprise a length of time avalve of the inhaler or nasal device is left open by the actuating. Inany of the preceding methods, the actuating may comprise compressing theinhaler or nasal device. In some cases, the compressing may comprise astroke length. In some cases, the stroke length may comprise about 1millimeter to about 200 millimeters.

In another aspect, a method is provided for testing for delivery of adrug formulation with an inhaler or nasal device, the method comprising:a) monitoring two or more shake parameters; and b) actuating the inhaleror nasal device when a predetermined threshold of the two or more shakeparameters is reached or exceeded, thereby emitting a spray of the drugformulation, wherein the spray of the drug formulation comprises anemitted dose of a drug. In some cases, the emitted dose of a drug may bewithin about 15% of a target dose content uniformity (DCU) performance.In some cases, the target DCU performance may be defined by regulatoryor industry guidelines. In any of the preceding methods, the method mayfurther comprise repeating the monitoring and actuating one or moretimes, thereby emitting one or more additional sprays of the drugformulation, wherein each of the one or more additional sprays maycomprise an emitted dose of the drug. In some cases, each of the one ormore additional sprays may comprise an emitted dose of the drug withinabout 15% of the target DCU performance. In any of the precedingmethods, the two or more shake parameters may be selected from the groupconsisting of: shake duration, shake frequency, shake angle,shake-to-fire interval, and shake orientation. In any of the precedingmethods, the method may further comprise, prior to a), shaking theinhaler or nasal device. In some cases, the shake duration may compriseabout 2 seconds to about 15 seconds. In some cases, the shake angle maycomprise about 30 degrees to about 180 degrees. In some cases, the shakefrequency may comprise about 1.0 Hz to about 4.0 Hz. In some cases, theshake-to-fire interval may comprise about 0 seconds to about 10 seconds.In some cases, the shake orientation may comprise about 0 degrees toabout 359 degrees. In any of the preceding cases, the monitoring maycomprise measuring the two or more shake parameters. In any of thepreceding cases, the drug formulation may comprise one or moreexcipients. In any of the preceding cases, the drug formulation maycomprise no excipients. In some cases, the predetermined threshold maybe determined based on (i) a number of the one or more excipientspresent in the drug formulation, (ii) a composition of the one or moreexcipients present in the drug formulation, or (iii) a combination ofboth. In some cases, each of the one or more additional sprays maycomprise an emitted dose of the drug within about 15% of the target DCUperformance at each of beginning-of-life administration, middle-of-lifeadministration and end-of-life administration. In any of the precedingmethods, the method may further comprise administering the emitted doseof a drug to a patient in need thereof. In any of the preceding methods,the method may further comprise, after the actuating, performing a spraypattern analysis on the spray. In some cases, the method may furthercomprise, determining an amount of the emitted dose of a drug from thespray pattern analysis. In some cases, performing the spray patternanalysis may comprise measuring an optical spray pattern of the spray.In some cases, measuring the optical spray pattern of the spray maycomprise illuminating the spray with an illumination device and imagingthe optical spray pattern with an imaging device. In some cases,performing the spray pattern analysis may comprise measuring animpaction-based spray pattern of the spray. In any of the precedingmethods, the inhaler or nasal device may be selected from the groupconsisting of: a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI), a metered doseinhaler (MDI), and a nasal spray. In any of the preceding claims, thedrug formulation may comprise a suspension formulation. In some cases,the spray pattern analysis may be presented on a report. In some cases,the spray pattern analysis may be represented on the report as asensitivity plot. In some cases, the sensitivity plot may be plotted asa spray pattern area as a function of at least one of the two or moreshake parameters. In any of the preceding methods, the actuating maycomprise a length of time a valve of the inhaler or nasal device is leftopen by the actuating. In any of the preceding methods, the actuatingmay comprise compressing the inhaler or nasal device. In some cases, thecompressing may comprise a stroke length. In some cases, the strokelength may comprise about 1 millimeter to about 200 millimeters.

In another aspect, a method is provided for testing for delivery of adrug formulation with an inhaler or nasal device, the method comprising:a) monitoring one or more shake parameters, wherein at least one of theone or more shake parameters comprises shake angle, shake frequency,shake-to-fire interval, or shake orientation; and b) actuating theinhaler or nasal device when a predetermined threshold of the one ormore shake parameters is reached or exceeded, thereby emitting a sprayof the drug formulation, wherein the spray of the drug formulationcomprises an emitted dose of a drug. In some cases, the emitted dose ofa drug may be within about 15% of a target dose content uniformity (DCU)performance. In some cases, the DCU performance may be defined byregulatory or industry guidelines. In any of the preceding methods, themethod may further comprise repeating the monitoring and actuating oneor more times, thereby emitting one or more additional sprays of thedrug formulation, wherein each of the one or more additional sprayscomprises an emitted dose of the drug. In some cases, each of the one ormore additional sprays may comprise an emitted dose of the drug withinabout 15% of the target DCU performance. In any of the precedingmethods, the one or more shake parameters may further comprise shakeduration. In any of the preceding methods, the method may furthercomprise, prior to the monitoring, shaking the inhaler or nasal device.In some cases, the shake duration may comprise about 2 seconds to about15 seconds. In any of the preceding methods, the shake angle maycomprise about 30 degrees to about 180 degrees. In any of the precedingmethods, the shake frequency may comprise about 1.0 Hz to about 4.0 Hz.In any of the preceding methods, the shake-to-fire interval may compriseabout 0 seconds to about 10 seconds. In any of the preceding methods,the shake orientation may comprise about 0 degrees to about 359 degrees.In any of the preceding methods, the monitoring may comprise measuringthe one or more shake parameters. In any of the preceding methods, thedrug formulation may comprise one or more excipients. In any of thepreceding methods, the drug formulation may comprise no excipients. Insome cases, the predetermined threshold may be determined based on (i) anumber of the one or more excipients present in the drug formulation,(ii) a composition of the one or more excipients present in the drugformulation, or (iii) a combination of both. In some cases, each of theone or more additional sprays may comprise an emitted dose of the drugwithin about 15% of the target DCU performance at each ofbeginning-of-life administration, middle-of-life administration andend-of-life administration. In any of the preceding methods, the methodmay further comprise administering the emitted dose of a drug to apatient in need thereof. In any of the preceding methods, the method mayfurther comprise, after the actuating, performing a spray patternanalysis on the spray. In any of the preceding methods, the method mayfurther comprise, determining an amount of the emitted dose of a drugfrom the spray pattern analysis. In some cases, performing the spraypattern analysis may comprise measuring an optical spray pattern of thespray. In some cases, measuring the optical spray pattern of the spraycomprises illuminating the spray with an illumination device and imagingthe optical spray pattern with an imaging device. In some cases,performing the spray pattern analysis may comprise measuring animpaction-based spray pattern of the spray. In any of the precedingmethods, the inhaler or nasal device may be selected from the groupconsisting of: a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI), a metered doseinhaler (MDI), and a nasal spray. In any of the preceding methods, thedrug formulation may comprise a suspension formulation. In any of thepreceding methods, the spray pattern analysis may be presented on areport. In some cases, the spray pattern analysis may be represented onthe report as a sensitivity plot. In some cases, the sensitivity plotmay be plotted as a spray pattern area as a function of the one or moreshake parameters. In any of the preceding methods, the actuating maycomprise a length of time a valve of the inhaler or nasal device is leftopen by the actuating. In any of the preceding methods, the actuatingmay comprise compressing the inhaler or nasal device. In some cases, thecompressing may comprise a stroke length. In some cases, the strokelength may comprise about 1 millimeter to about 200 millimeters.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in thisspecification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent asif each individual publication, patent, or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe appended claims. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1 depicts consolidated optical spray pattern sensitivity profilesfor three tested pMDI products as a function of shaking. The tested pMDIproducts are identified by the number of excipients. Auto-scaled y-axeswere used to accommodate the different spray pattern area ranges for theproducts.

FIG. 2 depicts the effects of shaking versus not shaking on through-lifeDCU performance for a tested product with no excipients.

FIG. 3 depicts a detailed view of end of life DCU performance for atested product with no excipients, with and without shaking.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The methods described herein generally relate to improving delivery of aformulation with oral inhaler or nasal devices. The methods also relateto the measurement of dose content uniformity (DCU) performance of oralinhaler or nasal devices. Oral inhaler or nasal products generallyrequire “proper shaking” prior to actuation of the device to ensure thata target dose of drug is delivered. However, it is often unclear as towhat parameters constitute “proper shaking.” The dose of drug deliveredby the inhaler or nasal device can be adversely affected by impropershaking, for example, not shaking long enough or not shaking at theproper angle. Further, the drug formulation may affect the shakingparameters required to achieve “proper shaking”. For example, factorsincluding the number of excipients present in the formulation, thecomposition of the excipients present in the formulation, as well asother physical factors may determine the shaking parameters required toachieve “proper shaking.”

In some instances, the devices (e.g. oral inhalers or nasal devices)referred to herein may be sprayed (e.g. via actuation, etc) afterundergoing different parameters of shaking, and a spray pattern may bemeasured and/or recorded for the differing parameters of shaking.Optionally, the spray patterns may be analyzed and correlated with theDCU of the formulations being administered (e.g. sprayed), and desiredshake parameters may be determined, e.g. based on the correlation.Accordingly, the present methods may provide an avenue for determiningdesired shake parameters, tailored to specific formulations, fordelivery of the formulation via the devices.

In one aspect, the methods involve measuring the performance of aninhaler or nasal device comprising a drug formulation. The method maycomprise: a) shaking the inhaler or nasal device; b) actuating theinhaler or nasal device, thereby emitting a spray of the drugformulation; and c) measuring a spray pattern of the spray of the drugformulation, wherein the spray of the drug formulation comprises anemitted dose of a drug. The dose content uniformity (DCU) performance ofthe inhaler or nasal device may be determined based on the spraypattern.

In another aspect, the methods may involve improving delivery of a drugformulation with an inhaler or nasal device. The method may comprise: a)monitoring two or more shake parameters; and b) actuating the inhaler ornasal device when a predetermined threshold of the two or more shakeparameters is reached or exceeded, thereby emitting a spray of the drugformulation, wherein the spray of the drug formulation comprises anemitted dose of a drug.

In yet another aspect, the methods may involve improving delivery of adrug formulation with an inhaler or nasal device. The method maycomprise: a) monitoring one or more shake parameters, wherein at leastone of the one or more shake parameters comprises shake angle, shakefrequency, shake-to-fire interval, or shake orientation; and b)actuating the inhaler or nasal device when a predetermined threshold ofthe one or more shake parameters is reached or exceeded, therebyemitting a spray of the drug formulation, wherein the spray of the drugformulation comprises an emitted dose of a drug.

The methods disclosed herein may generally be used to measure theperformance of inhaler or nasal devices. An inhaler device may beutilized for e.g., delivery of a drug or substance directly to the lungsof a subject. The methods described herein may be suitable for use withany inhaler device that requires shaking and/or actuation. In somecases, the inhaler device is a metered-dose inhaler (MDI), for example,a pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI). Non-limiting examples of MDIsmay include AeroChamber® and Autohaler®. In some cases, the MDIcomprises a spacer or aerosol holding chamber. The inhaler device may bea dry powder inhaler, non-limiting examples including: Aerolizer®,Diskus®, Ellipta™, Flexhaler®, Handihaler®, Neohaler®, Pressair™Twisthaler®, Rotahaler® and Turbuhaler®. In some cases, the methods maybe used with a nasal device for, e.g., local delivery of a drug to thenose or the paranasal sinuses. Non-limiting examples of nasal devicesmay include: mechanical spray pumps (e.g., squeeze bottles, multi-dosemetered-dose spray pumps, single/duo-dose spray pumps, bi-directionalmulti-dose spray pumps), gas-driven spray systems/atomizers, mechanicalpowder sprayers, breath actuated inhalers, and insufflators.

The inhaler or nasal device may be an Orally Inhaled or Nasal DrugProduct (OINDP). Non-limiting examples of OINDPs which may be suitablefor use with the methods described herein may include: aclidiniumbromide inhalation powder (Tudorza® Pressair®), ipratropium inhalationaerosol (Atrovent® HFA), tiotropium inhalation powder Spiriva®Handihaler®), tiotropium inhalation solution (Spiriva® Respimat®),umeclidinium inhalation powder (Incruse® Ellipta®),albuterol/ipratropium inhalation solution (DuoNeb®),albuterol/ipratropium bromide inhalation spray (Combivent® Respimat®),budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate inhalation aerosol(Symbicort®), fluticasone/salmeterol inhalation powder (Advair®Diskus®), fluticasone/salmeterol inhalation aerosol (Advair® HFA),fluticasone furoate/vilanterol inhalation powder (Breo® Ellipta®),mometasone furoate/formoterol fumarate inhalation aerosol (Dulera®),tiotropium bromide/olodaterol inhalation spray (Stiolto™ Respimat®),umeclidinium/vilanterol inhalation powder (Anoro® Ellipta®),beclomethasone dipropionate HFA inhalation aerosol (Qvar®), budesonideinhalation powder (Pulmicort® Flexhaler®), budesonide inhalationsuspension (Pulmicort® Respules®), ciclesonide inhalation aerosol(Alvesco®), flunisolide inhalation aerosol (Aerospan®), fluticasonefuroate inhalation powder (Arnuity™ Ellipta®), fluticasone propionateinhalation aerosol (Flovent® HFA), fluticasone propionate inhalationpowder (Flovent® Diskus®), mometasone furoate inhalation powder(Asmanex® Twisthaler®), mometasone furoate inhalation aerosol (Asmanex®HFA), arformoterol tartrate inhalation solution (Brovana®), formoterolfumarate inhalation powder (Foradil®), formoterol fumarate inhalationsolution (Perforomist®), indacaterol inhalation powder (Arcapta™Neohaler™), olodaterol inhalation spray (Striverdi® Respimat®),salmeterol xinafoate inhalation powder (Serevent® Diskus®), albuterolsulfate inhalation powder (Proair® Respiclick®), albuterol sulfateinhalation aerosol (Proair® HFA), albuterol inhalation solution(AccuNeb®), albuterol sulfate inhalation aerosol (Proventil® HFA),albuterol sulfate inhalation aerosol (Ventolin® HFA), levalbuteroltartrate inhalation aerosol (Xopenex® HFA).

The inhaler or nasal device may include a formulation of, for example, adrug or an active ingredient. In some cases, the formulation includesone or more excipients. In some cases, the formulation does not includeany excipients. In some cases, the formulation includes one or morepropellants. The formulation may be a suspension, a solution, or a drypowder.

The methods may generally involve shaking the inhaler or nasal device.In some cases, shaking the inhaler or nasal device involves performing ashaking regimen with the inhaler or nasal device. A shaking regimen mayinclude one or more shake parameters, including one or more of shakeduration, shake angle, shake frequency, shake-to-fire interval, andshake orientation. The shaking regimen may be the specific combinationof the one or more shake parameters required to be performed on thedevice in order to deliver, upon actuation of the device, an intendeddosage range of a drug. The shaking regimen may be specific for aparticular product and may be at least partly dependent on theformulation of the drug, one or more characteristics of the device, thevolume of the metering valve, the relative mixing efficiency of the drugparticles in the formulation with the excipient(s) and/or propellant(s),or any combination thereof. The shaking regimen may be affected by thecomposition of the formulation present in the canister (e.g., the numberof excipients present with the drug in the formulation or the specificcomposition of the excipients present in the formulation). Therefore,different products each including the same drug may require verydifferent shaking regimens to deliver an intended dosage range. In someembodiments, the methods provided herein may allow a user or tester ofan inhaler or nasal device to identify the specific shake parameters(i.e., shake regimen) required to deliver an intended dosage range ofdrug from a specific inhaler or nasal device product.

The methods herein may involve monitoring one or more shake parametersof the inhaler or nasal device. The one or more shake parameters mayinclude one or more of shake duration, shake angle, shake frequency,shake-to-fire interval and shake orientation.

The term “shake duration” as used herein may refer to the length of timethe inhaler or nasal device is shaken. In some instances, the shakeduration may refer to a desired length of time the device should beshaken, e.g. as determined during a shake study using the methodsdescribed herein. A desired shake duration may differ for differentformulations of drugs (e.g. comprising different active ingredientsand/or excipients). In some instances, a desired shake duration maydiffer for differing devices. A shake duration may be within a range ofabout 1 second to about 30 seconds. In some instances, a shake durationmay be equal to about, or greater than about 1 second, 2 seconds, 3seconds, 4 seconds, 5 seconds, 6, seconds, 7 seconds, 8 seconds, 9seconds, 10 seconds, 11 seconds, 12 seconds, 13 seconds, 14 seconds, 15seconds, 20 seconds, 25 seconds, 30 seconds, 35 second, 40 second, 45seconds, 50 seconds, 55 second, 60 seconds.

The term “shake angle” as used herein may refer to the angle of thecanister of the device during shaking as measured from its verticalaxis. For example, a shake angle of 90 degrees would include shaking thecanister horizontally. In some instances, the shake angle may refer to adesired angle the device or canister of the device should be shaken in,e.g. as determined during a shake study described in the presentdisclosure. A desired shake angle may differ for different formulationsof drugs (e.g. comprising different active ingredients and/orexcipients). In some instances, a desired shake angle may differ fordiffering devices. A shake angle may be within a range of about 30degrees to about 180 degrees. In some instances, a shake angle may beequal to, or greater than about 0 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30degrees, 40 degrees, 50 degrees, 60 degrees, 70 degrees, 80 degrees, 90degrees, 100 degrees, 110 degrees, 120 degrees, 130 degrees, 140degrees, 150 degrees, 160 degrees, 170 degrees, 180 degrees.

The term “shake frequency” as used herein may refer to the number oftimes (cycles) the device is shaken in a given time period. In someinstances, the shake frequency may refer to a desired frequency thedevice should be shaken in a given time period, e.g. as determinedduring a shake study. A desired shake frequency may differ for differentformulations of drugs (e.g. comprising different active ingredientsand/or excipients). In some instances, a desired shake frequency maydiffer for differing devices. A shake frequency may be measured in Hertz(Hz) which is defined as the number of cycles in 1 second. A shakefrequency may be within a range from about 1.0 Hz to about 5.0 Hz. Insome instances, a shake frequency may be equal to about, or greater thanabout 0.5 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 2.0 Hz, 2.5 Hz, 3.0 Hz, 3.5 Hz, 4.0 Hz,4.5 Hz, 5.0 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 7.0 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 9.0 Hz, or 10.0 Hz.

The term “shake-to-fire interval” as used herein may refer to the lengthof time that occurs between the end of a shaking regimen and theactuation of the device. In some instances, the shake-to-fire intervalmay refer to a desired length of time that occurs between the end of ashaking regimen and the actuation of the device, e.g. as determinedduring a shake study. A desired shake-to-fire interval may differ fordifferent formulations of drugs (e.g. comprising different activeingredients and/or excipients). In some instances, a desiredshake-to-fire interval may differ for differing devices. A shake-to-fireinterval may be within a range from about 0 seconds to about 30 seconds.In some instances, a shake-to-fire interval may be equal to about, orgreater than about 0 seconds (i.e., immediate actuation after shaking),1 second, 2 seconds, 3 seconds, 4 seconds, 5 seconds, 6, seconds, 7seconds, 8 seconds, 9 seconds, 10 seconds, 11 seconds, 12 seconds, 13seconds, 14 seconds, 15 seconds, 20 seconds, 25 seconds, 30 seconds, 40second, 50 seconds, or 60 seconds.

The term “shake orientation” as used herein may refer to an angularrange that the device undergoes during shaking. For example, if thedevice, or canister, is shaken not in an up and down or side to sidemotion, but in an angular motion, a shake orientation for the device maybe relevant. In some instances, the shake orientation may refer to adesired angular range that the device should undergo during shaking. Insome instances, the shake orientation may refer to a desired shakeorientation of the device, e.g., as determined during a shake study. Adesired shake orientation may differ for different formulations of drugs(e.g., comprising different active ingredients and/or excipients). Insome instances, a desired shake orientation may differ for differingdevices. A shake orientation may be within a range from about 0 to about359 degrees. In some instances, a shake orientation may be equal toabout, or greater than about 0 degrees, 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30degrees, 40 degrees, 50 degrees, 60 degrees, 70 degrees, 80 degrees, 90degrees, 100 degrees, 110 degrees, 120 degrees, 130 degrees, 140degrees, 150 degrees, 160 degrees, 170 degrees, 180 degrees, 190degrees, 200 degrees, 210 degrees, 220 degrees, 230 degrees, 240degrees, 250 degrees, 260 degrees, 270 degrees, 280 degrees, 290degrees, 300 degrees, 310 degrees, 320 degrees, 330 degrees, 340degrees, 350 degrees, or 360 degrees.

In some examples, the appropriate shaking regimen for a particularinhaler or nasal device products may be unknown. The methods herein mayinvolve testing a specific inhaler or nasal device product in order todetermine the appropriate shaking regimen, for example, by monitoring ormeasuring one or more shake parameters of the inhaler or nasal device,and then measuring the emitted dose of drug after actuation of thedevice. Methods of measuring the emitted dose of drug and determiningthe dose content uniformity performance of the device are describedbelow.

In some embodiments, determining an appropriate shaking regimen mayinvolve adjusting one or more shake parameters and measuring an emitteddose of drug from the device after actuation. In some cases, the effectof a single shake parameter on the performance of a device may be tested(e.g., shake angle). In such cases, the methods may involve shaking theinhaler or nasal device at a defined shake angle (e.g., 30 degrees),actuating the device, and recording the emitted dose, then subsequentlyshaking the device at a different shake angle (e.g., 40 degrees),actuating the device, and recording the emitted dose. This method may berepeated a plurality of times, each time varying the shake angle andrecording the emitted dose. The method may then be used to determine theappropriate shake angle required to emit a target dosage range of drug.The method can be used to test the performance of an inhaler or nasaldevice with any number of shake parameters as described herein. In somecases, one, two, three, four, or five shake parameters are tested. Insome cases, combinations of shake parameters may be tested (e.g.,testing a specific combination of shake angle and shake frequencyrequired to emit a target dosage range of drug).

The methods described herein may include actuating the device, after ashaking regimen has been performed, to release an amount of theformulation. In some cases, the formulation is released from the inhaleror nasal device in a spray. The spray may contain an emitted dose of adrug. The term “actuation” may refer to the act of compressing thecanister of an inhaler or nasal device for a period of time to release asubstance contained within the canister or the holder of the device.Actuation may be, for example, automated actuation or hand actuation.

Actuation of the device, for example, may release a single dose of aformulation contained therein. Proper actuation of the device may berequired to release a target dosage of drug from the device. Forexample, an inhaler or nasal device that has been properly shakenaccording to a prescribed shaking regimen may deliver an unintendeddosage of drug if the device is not properly actuated. As such, themethods provided herein may involve measuring or monitoring actuation ofthe inhaler or nasal device. Actuating an inhaler or nasal device mayinclude one or more actuation parameters. The one or more actuationparameters may include, without limitation, compression velocity,compression acceleration, actuation hold time, decompression velocity,decompression acceleration, actuation stroke length, and any combinationthereof. Thus, measuring or monitoring actuation of an inhaler or nasaldevice may involve measuring or monitoring one or more actuationparameters.

“Compression velocity” as used herein may refer to the speed with whichthe device is compressed (e.g., the speed with which a user pushes orcompresses the canister or nasal actuator during actuation). Compressionvelocity may be from about 10 mm/s to about 100 mm/s. For example,compression velocity may be about 10 mm/s, 15 mm/s, 20 mm/s, 25 mm/s, 30mm/s, 35 mm/s, 40 mm/s, 45 mm/s, 50 mm/s, 55 mm/s, 60 mm/s, 65 mm/s, 70mm/s, 75 mm/s, 80 mm/s, 85 mm/s, 90 mm/s, 95 mm/s, 100 mm/s or greaterthan 100 mm/s.

“Compression acceleration” as used herein may refer to the rate ofchange in velocity per unit time of the canister or nasal actuatorduring compression. Compression acceleration may be from about 500 mm/s²to about 4000 mm/s². For example, compression acceleration may be about500 mm/s², 600 mm/s², 700 mm/s², 800 mm/s², 900 mm/s², 1000 mm/s², 1100mm/s², 1200 mm/s², 1300 mm/s², 1400 mm/s², 1500 mm/s², 1600 mm/s², 1700mm/s², 1800 mm/s², 1900 mm/s², 2000 mm/s², 2100 mm/s², 2200 mm/s², 2300mm/s², 2400 mm/s², 2500 mm/s², 2600 mm/s², 2700 mm/s², 2800 mm/s², 2900mm/s², 3000 mm/s², 3100 mm/s², 3200 mm/s², 3300 mm/s², 3400 mm/s², 3500mm/s², 3600 mm/s², 3700 mm/s², 3800 mm/s², 3900 mm/s², 4000 mm/s² orgreater than 4000 mm/s².

“Actuation hold time” as used herein may refer to the amount of time adevice is held in its fully actuated state. “Fully actuated” may referto maximal compression of the canister of an inhaler or nasal device.Actuation of a device may include compression of a device and mayinclude an “actuation hold time window”, for example, a period of timein which a device is held in its fully actuated state. An actuation holdtime window may be from about 0 seconds to about 30 seconds. Forexamples, an actuation hold time window may be about, for example, 0seconds (immediate release), 1 second, 2 seconds, 3 seconds, 4 seconds,5 seconds, 6 seconds, 7 seconds, 8 seconds, 9 seconds, 10 seconds, 11seconds, 12 seconds, 13 seconds, 14 seconds, 15 seconds, 16 seconds, 17seconds, 18 seconds, 19 seconds, 20 seconds, 21 seconds, 22 seconds, 23seconds, 24 seconds, 25 seconds, 26 seconds, 27 seconds, 28 seconds, 29seconds, 30 seconds or greater than 30 seconds.

“Decompression velocity” as used herein may refer to the speed withwhich the device is decompressed (e.g., speed with which a user releasesor decompresses the canister or nasal actuator after actuation).Decompression velocity may be from about 10 mm/s to about 100 mm/s. Forexample, decompression velocity may be about 10 mm/s, 15 mm/s, 20 mm/s,25 mm/s, 30 mm/s, 35 mm/s, 40 mm/s, 45 mm/s, 50 mm/s, 55 mm/s, 60 mm/s,65 mm/s, 70 mm/s, 75 mm/s, 80 mm/s, 85 mm/s, 90 mm/s, 95 mm/s, 100 mm/sor greater than 100 mm/s.

“Decompression acceleration” as used herein may refer to the rate ofchange of velocity per unit time during decompression of the canister ornasal actuator during decompression. Decompression acceleration may befrom about 500 mm/s² to about 4000 mm/s². For example, decompressionacceleration may be about 500 mm/s², 600 mm/s², 700 mm/s², 800 mm/s²,900 mm/s², 1000 mm/s², 1100 mm/s², 1200 mm/s², 1300 mm/s², 1400 mm/s²,1500 mm/s², 1600 mm/s², 1700 mm/s², 1800 mm/s², 1900 mm/s², 2000 mm/s²,2100 mm/s², 2200 mm/s², 2300 mm/s², 2400 mm/s², 2500 mm/s², 2600 mm/s²,2700 mm/s², 2800 mm/s², 2900 mm/s², 3000 mm/s², 3100 mm/s², 3200 mm/s²,3300 mm/s², 3400 mm/s², 3500 mm/s², 3600 mm/s², 3700 mm/s², 3800 mm/s²,3900 mm/s², 4000 mm/s² or greater than 4000 mm/s².

“Actuation stroke length” as used herein may refer to the maximum amountthe device is compressed during actuation. In some cases, the actuationstroke length is the mechanical compression limit for the device.Actuation stroke length may be from about 3 mm to about 20 mm. Forexample, actuation stroke length may be about 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7mm, 8 mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm, 13 mm, 14 mm, 15 mm, 16 mm, 17 mm,18 mm, 19 mm, 20 mm or greater than 20 mm.

In some examples, the appropriate actuation parameters for a particularinhaler or nasal device products may be unknown. The methods herein mayinvolve testing a specific inhaler or nasal device product in order todetermine the appropriate actuation parameters, for example, bymonitoring or measuring one or more actuation parameters of the inhaleror nasal device, and then measuring the emitted dose of drug. Methods ofmeasuring the emitted dose of drug and determining the dose contentuniformity performance of the device are described below. In someembodiments, determining the appropriate actuation parameters mayinvolve adjusting one or more actuation parameters and measuring anemitted dose of drug from the device. In some cases, the effect of asingle actuation parameter on the performance of a device may be tested(e.g., actuation hold time). In such cases, the methods may involveactuating the inhaler or nasal device for a defined actuation hold time(e.g., 1 second), and recording the emitted dose, then subsequentlyactuating the device for a different actuation hold time (e.g., 2seconds), and recording the emitted dose.

This method may be repeated a plurality of times, each time varying theactuation hold time and recording the emitted dose. The method may thenbe used to determine the appropriate actuation hold time required toemit a target dosage range of drug. The method can be used to test theperformance of an inhaler or nasal device with any number of actuationparameters as described herein. In some cases, one, two, three, four,five, or six actuation parameters are tested. In some cases,combinations of actuation parameters may be tested (e.g., testing aspecific combination of actuation hold time and compression velocityrequired to emit a target dosage range of drug). In other cases, one ormore shake parameters may be combined with one or more actuationparameters to test the effect of specific combinations of shakeparameters and actuation parameters on the performance of an inhaler ornasal device.

The methods may further include measuring or analyzing a spray patternof a spray of drug formulation released from the device after actuation.Although specific embodiments of measuring spray pattern are providedherein, it is envisioned that any method of measuring, or analyzing thespray characteristics of a spray released from an inhaler or nasaldevice may be utilized. Accordingly, it is to be understood that as usedthroughout, a spray pattern may refer to any characteristics of thespray, e.g. including the spray's divergence angle (e.g. plume geometry)as the spray exist the device, the spray's cross-sectional ellipticity,uniformity and particle/droplet distribution. In some cases, measuringthe spray pattern of a spray involves measuring the time evolution of aspray plume (e.g., by taking multiple measurements of a spray plume overa period of time).

The spray pattern measurement may be further utilized as key identifiersfor determining the appropriateness of shake parameters, e.g. forspecific drug formulations and/or differing devices. In some instances,the spray pattern measurements may be utilized to verifying consistencyand desired performance of the devices (e.g. oral inhalers, nasaldevices, etc) having undergone the shake parameters. In some instances,the spray pattern measurements may be used to determine a dose contentuniformity (DCU) performance of the devices. Optionally, the spraypattern measurements may be correlated with DCU. Further, based on theDCU performance and/or the correlation, desired shake parametersdescribed throughout may be determined.

In some instances, an optical spray pattern may be measured or analyzed.Non-limiting examples of measuring an optical spray pattern of a spraymay be as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,665,421 and 6,973,199, thedisclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference in theirentireties. For example, the methods herein may involve measuring anoptical spray pattern of a spray by illuminating a spray plume with anillumination device (e.g., a laser), and then capturing an image of thespray plume with an imaging device (e.g., a camera).

Alternative methods of measuring or analyzing spray patterns as known inthe art may be utilized. In some cases, impaction-based methods may beused. In one non-limiting example, the methods may involve firing thespray pump at a solid, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) plate having acoating that fluoresces in response to incident ultraviolet (“UV”)radiation. The pattern of the spray deposited on the plate may then beanalyzed.

In some aspects, the methods described herein involve performing ashaking regimen on the device, monitoring one or more spray parametersof the shaking regimen, and actuating the device when a predeterminedthreshold of the one or more spray parameters has been reached orexceeded. For example, if a shaking regimen included a shake duration of5 seconds, a shake angle of 60 degrees, and a shake frequency of 2.0 Hz,the device would be actuated after all three shake parameters of theshaking regimen had been reached. In some cases, if one or more of theshake parameters is not met before actuation of the device, thedelivered dose of the drug may be different, in some cases substantiallydifferent, than the intended target dose.

In some aspects, the emitted dose of drug (e.g., after actuation of thedevice) is within about 15% of a target DCU performance of an inhaler ornasal device after performing the methods described herein. Dose contentuniformity may refer to the uniformity of emitted drug per actuation,consistent with the label claim of the drug product. Thus, the methodsherein provide for determining the DCU performance of an inhaler. Themethods further provide for determining and/or selecting one or moreshake parameters and/or one or more actuation parameters that arerequired to provide a DCU performance of an inhaler or nasal deviceproduct within about 15% of a target DCU performance. In some cases, thetarget DCU performance of an inhaler or nasal device is defined byregulatory or industry guidelines (e.g., by the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration). In some cases, the emitted dose of drug is within about25%, 24%, 23%, 22%, 21%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%,11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1% or even identical to thetarget DCU performance of the inhaler.

In some embodiments, the methods include selecting one or more shakeparameters and/or one or more actuation parameters for a specificinhaler or nasal device product such that the emitted dose of drug iswithin about 15% of a target DCU performance. In some aspects, themethod is repeated one or more times (i.e., one or more of the shaking,monitoring, and actuating steps). In some cases, each emitted dose ofdrug is within about 15% of a target DCU performance of the inhaler. Insome aspects, the method is performed in through-life testing of aninhaler or nasal device, for example, the device is tested atbeginning-of-life (BoL), middle-of-life (MoL) and end-of-life (EoL). BoLadministration may refer to actuating the device at the beginning of thelabeled number of sprays (after any required priming sprays have beenwasted, and usually within about the first 5% of the labeled number ofsprays), MoL administration may refer to actuating the device at themiddle of the labeled number of sprays (within about 45-55% of thelabeled number of sprays), and EoL administration may refer to actuatingthe device at the end of the labeled number of sprays (within the last95% of the labeled number of sprays). Generally, the shaking regimen,actuation parameters, or both are selected such that each emitted doseat BoL, MoL and EoL is within about 15% of a target DCU performance.Target DCU performance will be dependent on the target dose. The targetdose is dependent on the product being tested.

In some cases, the spray pattern data may be used to determine the DCUperformance of the inhaler. In some instances, the spray pattern datamay be correlated with the DCU performance of the inhaler. In someexamples, the spray pattern data may be performed in addition to, or asan alternative to, traditional DCU measurement techniques. In someembodiments, the method herein involves alternating one or more roundsof spray pattern data analysis with one or more rounds of DUCperformance measurement.

In one embodiment, the spray pattern area may be plotted relative to theshake parameters, actuation parameters, or both (for a non-limitingexample, see FIG. 1). In some cases, dose content uniformity (DCU)performance of said inhaler or nasal device is determined based on saidspray pattern by using a correlation, where such correlation may bederived from a suitably robust methodology involving experimentplanning, data collection, data processing and statistical analysis ofthe data as may be described in the examples below, though other meansof correlation could be implemented.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating variousembodiments of the invention and are not meant to limit the presentinvention in any fashion. The present examples, along with the methodsdescribed herein are presently representative of preferred embodiments,are exemplary, and are not intended as limitations on the scope of theinvention. Changes therein and other uses which are encompassed withinthe spirit of the invention as defined by the scope of the claims willoccur to those skilled in the art.

Example 1. Measuring the Effects of Shaking on Pressurized Metered DoseInhaler (pMDI) Performance

Introduction

The drive for an approved generic albuterol-based pMDI has significantlyincreased in recent years due to the cost barrier, patent expiration ofreference products, and recently released draft FDA guidance documents.Product usage instructions for all of the current FDA approved albuterolpMDIs may only include non-descript language for shaking the pMDI suchas “ . . . shake well before each use . . . ” with seldom indication forthe patient regarding shaking duration, frequency, orientation,shake-to-fire interval, or what the effects might be if the patientdoesn't shake the product before use. From a formulation perspective,shaking is critical for suspension pMDIs because the active drugparticles in the formulation tend to rapidly sink or rise to the liquidsurface due to differences in density or charge polarity from thepropellants. Excipients, such as ethanol and oleic acid, are often addedto suspension pMDI formulations to provide a more stable suspension ofthe active drug into the propellant.

Another factor that was used in selecting the particular albuterol pMDIsin this study is that patients are rarely prescribed just one inhaledmedication. And since all of these products contain the same activeingredient, albuterol, a doctor/therapist could likely prescribe any ofthese products to a patient for the same indication thinking that theproducts are equivalent, when they may not be due to their differentexcipients (among other physical differences)—and the effect of thesedifferences may influence the performance of the product from a patientperspective. The implications of this type of patient confusion has beenwell documented in the respiratory literature.

Lastly, the in-vitro spray test methods required to show bioequivalenceof pMDI products from a regulatory perspective, particularly dosecontent uniformity (DCU) and aerodynamic particle size distribution(APSD) through-life testing, are time intensive, complicated, anderror-prone. Hence, a faster, more efficient, and less labor intensiveperformance indicating metric, such as optical spray pattern, would helprelieve the testing/characterization burden for pMDI product developmentand help support the generation of more valuable DCU and APSDmeasurements.

Methods

Three different reference products containing albuterol sulfate weretested through life following a 3 variable, 3 level Box-Behnken Designof Experiments (“BB-DoE”) approach. Table 1 below shows the derivedcontrol ranges employed to determine the effects of shaking (duration,angle, and frequency) on spray pattern in BB-DoE coded formats. Threecanisters per product were tested using 13 variable shaking combinationsthat were inputted into Viota® software methods and executed using aSprayVIEW® measurement system SFpMDI (Proveris Scientific, Marlborough,Mass. U.S.A.).

TABLE 1 BB-DoE control variable ranges for tested shake parameters.BB-DoE Value Control Variable − 0 + Shake Frequency (Hz) 2.0 3.0 4.0Shake Angle (deg) 60 90 120 Shake Duration (s) 5 10 15

Using the same shaking regime for each product, an experimentalternating actuations for spray pattern and DCU collection was designedto see if optical spray pattern and DCU are statistically correlated.This study involved collecting ten actuations each at the beginning,middle, and end of life on three (3) cans for each product.Additionally, a DCU through-life experiment was conducted for theproduct with no excipients using a “shake vs. no shake” comparison wherethe “shake” parameters were derived from the optical spray pattern DoEresults. In these studies, each DCU sample was collected following theprotocol outlined in the United States Pharmacopeia using an alternativedose uniformity sampling apparatus and quantified using aspectrophotometric method (ThermoFisher GENESYS 10S UV-VisSpectrophotometer). Alternatively, other appropriate measurementmethodologies may be used (e.g., high performance liquidchromatography).

Results

The consolidated results from the multi-dimensional spray pattern DoEare shown in FIG. 1. Briefly, FIG. 1 depicts a “sensitivity plot” of thespray pattern area plotted against the shaking parameters for each pMDIproduct (indicated by the number of excipients where Product A had noexcipients, Product B had 1 excipient, and Product C had 2 excipients).Table 2 below summarizes the sensitivity analysis in simple “yes” or“no” terms based on statistical p-value analysis.

TABLE 2 Simplified optical spray pattern area sensitivity results.Number of excipients Shake Angle Shake Frequency Shake Duration 0 No NoYes 1 Yes No No 2 No No No

The results clearly indicate that the products produce vastly differentsized spray patterns under identical test conditions with Product Aproducing the smallest patterns (mean value of about 132 mm²) andProduct C producing the largest (mean value of about 350 mm²). Theresults also indicate that Product A has acute sensitivity to shakeduration (about a 20% change in spray pattern area when the device wasshaken before each actuation for 5 seconds compared to 15 seconds),while Product B has some sensitivity to shake angle. This result issignificant since shake duration is not indicated in any of theproduct's respective patient usage instructions. Product C seems immuneto shaking within the tested range. However, this product did exhibitsubstantially more shot-shot variation than the others and thisvariation may be masking the product's true sensitivity.

Results from DCU through-life testing of Product A (no excipients) areshown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 where “no shake” indicates that the productsamples were not shaken at any point during the experiments; and “shake”indicates that the product samples were shaken with set parameters (10second duration, 60 degree angle, and 4 Hz frequency) prior to automatedactuation. In all cases the product samples were allowed to rest for 3minutes (180 seconds) between consecutive automated actuations.

The results show a startling effect of not shaking the product on DCUperformance: the emitted dose during beginning of life is considerablyvariable and nearly three times the target value (108 mcg) before itstarts to taper off at the middle and end of life stages. However, sinceso much excess drug was emitted during BoL, the EoL performance showsonly about 25% of the target dose is being delivered as shown in FIG. 3.In contrast, the “shake” data indicates very consistent and very neartarget DCU performance from the product at all life stages.

Conclusions

The DCU and optical spray pattern performance of three differentcommercially available albuterol pMDI products were shown to havemarkedly different sensitivities to shaking. The product with no addedexcipients produced the smallest optical spray patterns and wassensitive to shake duration—a parameter not included in any of theproduct's patient usage instructions. Additionally, the effects of notshaking the product without excipients were profound—nearly 3 times thetarget DCU was measured at the beginning of life which resulted in onlyabout 25% of the target dose being delivered at the end of life. Currentpatient instructions for the respective products do not includespecified guidelines on shaking (particularly shake duration) or theeffects of not shaking the product, which were shown here to be ratherprofound with respect to DCU on one product. However, by providing moredefined instructions on how to shake and the importance of shaking,patient confusion could be reduced and more effective patient usagecould occur.

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown anddescribed herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art thatsuch embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerousvariations, changes, and substitutions will now occur to those skilledin the art without departing from the invention. It should be understoodthat various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention describedherein may be employed in practicing the invention. It is intended thatthe following claims define the scope of the invention and that methodsand structures within the scope of these claims and their equivalents becovered thereby.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of measuring performance of an inhaleror nasal device comprising a drug formulation, the method comprising: a)shaking said inhaler or nasal device, wherein said shaking comprises oneor more shake parameters; b) actuating said inhaler or nasal device,thereby emitting a spray of said drug formulation; and c) measuring aspray pattern of said spray of said drug formulation, wherein said sprayof said drug formulation comprises an emitted dose of said drugformulation; and d) determining dose content uniformity (DCU) of saidinhaler or nasal device by using a correlation with said spray pattern,wherein said spray pattern comprises an image of said spray of said drugformulation.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said inhaler or nasaldevice is selected from the group consisting of: a pressurized metereddose inhaler (pMDI), a metered dose inhaler (MDI), and a nasal spray. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein said one or more shake parameterscomprises one or more of shake frequency, shake angle, shake duration,shake-to-fire interval and shake orientation.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein said shake frequency is from 1.0 Hz to 4.0 Hz.
 5. The method ofclaim 3, wherein said shake angle is from 30 degrees to 180 degrees. 6.The method of claim 3, wherein said shake duration is from 2 seconds to15 seconds.
 7. The method of claim 3, wherein said shake-to-fireinterval is from 0 seconds to 10 seconds.
 8. The method of claim 1,wherein said spray pattern comprises a physical or opticalcharacteristic of said spray.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein saidmethod is performed on said inhaler or nasal device duringbeginning-of-life administration, middle-of-life administration,end-of-life administration or any combination thereof.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein b) comprises actuating said inhaler or nasal devicewhen said one or more shake parameters have reached or have exceeded apredetermined threshold.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein said drugformulation comprises a suspension formulation.
 12. The method of claim1, wherein said drug formulation comprises one or more excipients. 13.The method of claim 1, wherein said drug formulation contains noexcipients.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to b),monitoring said one or more shake parameters.
 15. The method of claim 1,wherein said spray pattern comprises a spray divergence angle of saidspray.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein said spray pattern comprises aspray plume geometry of said spray.
 17. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid spray pattern comprises a cross-sectional ellipticity of saidspray.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein said spray pattern comprises across-sectional uniformity of said spray.
 19. The method of claim 1,wherein said spray pattern comprises a particle or droplet distributionof said spray.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein measuring said spraypattern comprises measuring a time evolution of a spray plume of saidspray.